Efficacy of Chrozophora plicata and Trianthema portuclacastrum weed plant extracts against Trogoderma granarium Everts under laboratory conditions

The efficacy of Chrozophora plicata and Trianthema portuclacastrum extracts was investigated against Trogoderma granarium at 10%, 20% and 30% concentrations and 2, 4 and 6 days of exposure periods. It was found that T. portuclacastrum extract caused significantly higher larval mortality [37.47%] than C. plicata [27.03%]. Maximum number of T. granarium larvae [91.11% and 82.22%] was repelled when exposed to 30% concentration. A significant reduction in percentage larval emergence was also found in F1 generation. A decrease in the activity of Acetylcholine Esterase [AChE], Acid Phosphatase [ACP], Alkaline Phosphatase [AKP], ?-Carboxyl and ?-Carboxyl was also found. The FTIR analysis showed the presence of polyphenolic compounds in T. portuclacastrum extract. The overall results revealed that T. portuclacastrum extract was very effective against T. granarium than C. plicata

toxic effects of cyclosporine on splenic tissue of rat and it's amelioration with Nigella sativa

Background: Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressive drug. Its mechanism of action is inhibition of T cells activation. Cyclosporine has toxic effects on many organs including spleen. Nigella sativa is an immunomodulatory agent. It increases lymphocyte population and also has promising anti-oxidative effects

Objective: Observe the toxicity of cyclosporine and evaluate the ameliorative effects of Nigella Sativa in spleen

Material and Methods: This study was conducted in Baqai Medical University from November 2016 to December 2016. Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups. Group A was control, group B was given oral cyclosporine only and group C was given cyclosporine with Nigella sativa. At the end of study period animals were sacrificed and spleen was harvested

Results: Body weight of cyclosporine group B was decreased significantly [P<0.001] in comparison to control A and increased in Nigella sativa and cyclosporine group C. Absolute and relative spleen weights were also decreased in cyclosporine group B and increased in Nigella sativa and cyclosporine group C. Morphometric examination of splenic tissue showed thickened capsule, congested red pulp, reduced white pulp and hyalinosis and vacuolization in central artery in cyclosporine group B while these features were reduced in Nigella sativa and cyclosporine group C

Conclusion: Cyclosporine caused toxicity in spleen while Nigella sativa was helpful in ameliorated these effects

Effects of diclofenac sodium on renal parenchyma and prevention by vitamin-E in adult albino rats

To determine the preventive role of Vitamin E on renal parenchyma after given of Diclofenac Sodium in albino rats. Experimental Study This study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy Baqai Medical University and Muhammad Medical College, Mirpurkhas from June 2011 to November 2011, For this experimental study, 30 albino rats were taken. They were divided into three groups ; A, B and C. The animals in group-A given normal saline 10 ml/kg per day. Group-B received diclofenac sodium 2 mg/kg per day and group-C receives diclofenac sodium 2mg/kg/day dissolved in distilled water with vitamin-E 2 mg/kg/day dissolved in olive oil administered half an hour before the diclofenac sodium by feeding tube per day for 2 weeks. On day 15 all animals were sacrificed with deep ether anesthesia. Their kidneys were removed, fixed in 10% formalin. Representative blocks were taken and embedded in liquid paraffin. For routine histological examination 5 micro m thick section cut by microtome and stained with H and E, PAS and silver methenamine. Renal histology was done under light microscope to see the proximal and distal tubular diameter and count. No significant [P>0.05] changes were observed in the histopathology of kidney tissues of the groups A and C rats. The group B significantly [P<0.001] affected the histopathology of kidney. It may be concluded that diclofenac sodium produces changes in kidney, which may be attributed to ischaemia induced by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis resulting in tubular necrosis in albino rats simultaneous administration of vitamin-E partially protect the morphological and histological changes induced by diclofenac sodium

Attitude of mothers regarding use of low osmolar oral rehydration solution [ORS] in diarrhea. an experience in rural area of Sindh

To assess the knowledge and attitude of mothers regarding use of low osmolar Oral Rehydration Solution [ORS] in diarrhea and to find out the causes of under use of ORS and knowledge regarding ORS. Cross sectional study. Pediatric OPD civil hospital Badin with collaboration of Department of Pharmacology and therapeutics Mohammad Medical College Mirpurkhas patient and method. 100 children of age 6 months to five years with various degrees of dehydration were enrolled in study. A questionnaire was given to mothers. It was a prospective, cross sectional and descriptive study conducted at Peadiatric OPD civil hospital Badin with collaboration of Department of Pharmacology and therapeutics Mohammad Medical College Mirpurkhas. 100 children of age 6 months to five years with various degrees of dehydration were enrolled in study. A questionnaire was given to mothers. A proforma was designed for question and answers. Data was analyzed. 100 children were enrolled, out of which 55 [55%, 28.0 +/- 16.02] were under 2 years of age, 45 [45%, 23.0 +/- 13.13] were under 5 years of age, 62 [62%, 31.50 +/- 18.0] were males, 38 [38%, 19.50 +/- 11.11] were females. 70 [70%, 35.01 +/- 18.53] children were brought to OPD by mothers. 30[30%, 15.50 +/- 8.80] were brought by parents. 60[60%, 30.50 +/- 17.46] attendants were uneducated and 40[58%, 20.50 +/- 11.69] educated. 58[58%, 29.50 +/- 16.89] children had duration of illness 1-3 days. 42[42%, 21.50 +/- 12.27] children has >3days. 35[35%, 18.0 +/- 10.25] 15.50 +/- 8.80] had only loose motion and 6[6%, 3.50 +/- 1.87] with blood in stool. Out of 100 only 22[22%, 11.50 +/- 6.49] children were given ORS and 78[78%, 39.50 =/-22.66] were not given ORS. Only 16[16%8.50 +/- 4.76], mothers knew the proper way to prepare the ORS. The P-value of all variables were not significant in table no one, but P-value significant in table two statistically. This study showed that there is insufficient use of ORS in rural areas of Sindh and those who use it do not know the proper way to prepare and serve it, As majority of mothers were uneducated and did not have knowledge regarding ORS use in diarrhea false belief and non availability were other reasons for under use of ORS. This needs to work harder in rural areas of Sindh, to educate mothers regarding use of ORS and recognition of signs of dehydration and initial home care. This task can easily be performed this needs cooperation of NGO and active participation of by lady health workers if they are fully committed and supported

Chloroquine: a drug with multiple uses

Chloroquine besides being an antimalarial, has been used in rheumatoid arhtritis, primary GougerotSjogren, Photo lesions, necrobiosis lipoidica, verrucous from of chilblain, Lupus erythematosus, subacute cutaneous lupus arthematosus, lupus pregnancy, porphyria cutanea tarda, and lepromatous reaction, extra-intestinal amoebiasis, photo reactions and infectious mononucleosis. Resistance to chloroquine is being developed for treatment of malaria. Chloroquine may produce toxicity and adverse effects like halos around the eyes, photophobia, retinopathy, maculopathy and sensoneural hearing loss have been reported. Other adverse effects include prutitus, intermittent porphyria, arrhythmias and mental disturbances. It may also produce achromotrichia albinism, transient, edema, exfoliative dermatitis and fixed drug eruptions

Causes of death ascertained through postmortem examination; results from one-year data of postmortems at Abbassi Shaheed Hospital

To assess the causes of death at postmortem examination of medico-legal cases, a sample of 100 postmortem examinations cases was selected randomly out of total 632 cases reported to Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi-Pakistan during the year 2001. The postmortem examinations dominated the male gender with 89% of the cases. The age difference among sex was statistically non significant [P=0.72]. 60% of the cases reported with the history of Road Traffic Accidents and Fire Arm Injuries. 60.4% of the cases were of head injuries. Peak time of arrival of the case was between 08:00 a.m. to 03:00 p.m. Median duration of starting postmortem examination after the arrival was 45 minutes and median duration of completion of postmortem was 1 hour

Proportion of suicidal death among autopsy

To determine the proportion of suicidal deaths among the reported cases for autopsy, all the suicidal deaths [51] were selected form 632 cases reported for autopsy at Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi. The prevalence of suicidal deaths was found as 8.1%. This prevails more in males 7.1 than females 1.1%. Median age of suicidal deaths was 29 years. 68.6% of the cases had history of hanging. The peak hours of committing suicides was between 04:00 p.m. to 12:00 p.m. No seasonal trend could be determined